Political system of Mongolia

Mongolia operates as a semi-presidential representative democratic, characterized by a multi-party system and universal suffrage. In the early 1990s, Mongolia transitioned from a socialist system to democracy, adopting a new Constitution on February 12, 1992, with subsequent amendments in 2000, 2019 and 2023. This democratic revolution transformed Mongolia from a single-party communist state into a multi-party system, with two main political parties:

Mongolian People’s Party (MPP): Founded in 1920, the MPP is the oldest political party in Mongolia. Following independence in 1921, it governed one-party Communist Mongolia. In 1924, the party became the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party, and later reverted to its original name.

Democratic Party (DP): The main opposition to the MPP, the Democratic Party was formed in 2000 through the merger of five political parties that pioneered the democratic revolution in 1990.

Parliament (State Great Khural): The State Great Khural is the highest legislative body, unicameral in structure, and expanded from 76 to 126 members following constitutional amendments in 2023. Members are elected for four-year terms, with 78 elected directly and 48 through proportional representation via party lists. The Parliament holds the power to draft legislation, enact and amend laws, approve the annual budget, determine foreign and domestic policies, declare states of emergency and war, and ratify international treaties and agreements.

President: The President serves as the head of state and is elected by national, equal, direct, and secret ballot for a six-year term, with eligibility for re-election once. The President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and heads the National Security Council. Empowered by the Constitution, the President can call for the dissolution of the Cabinet, initiate legislation, and veto all or parts of legislation passed by Parliament. As of June 2021, Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh serves as the President.

Government (Cabinet): The Government is the highest executive body of the state, responsible for implementing state laws and exercising broad powers as determined by law. The Prime Minister, nominated by the ruling party and confirmed by the President, leads the Cabinet. The Prime Minister selects Cabinet members, subject to Parliament’s approval. The Cabinet’s term aligns with the four-year parliamentary cycle. As of 2025, Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene serves as the Prime Minister, leading a coalition government formed after the 2024 parliamentary elections. ​